By the same token, however, motion illusions are characterized by a discrepancy between what is perceived and what is actually happening. Motion illusions, such as vection, are, by definition, situations of inter-sensory conflict, and prolonged exposure indeed often leads to motion sickness. Here, we explored whether the вЂњexpected sensory feedbackвЂќ is affected by factors other than the exposure history. As a result, a discrepancy among sensory inputs only provokes motion sickness if the sensory pattern is not part of expectations based on the recent exposure history.Д®xpectations thus form a key element in motion sickness. By including the comparison with previous experience (also called exposure history or neural store), the theory is able to account for the fact that motion sickness symptoms generally disappear with repeated exposure, that is, when the unfamiliar sensory pattern is becoming the norm. This is termed the sensory re-arrangement theory and its corollary, the neural mismatch model.

This inter-sensory conflict theory was refined by Reason and Brand who argued that such a conflict alone is not sufficient to provoke motion sickness, but that the decisive mechanism includes a comparison between the current, unfamiliar sensory pattern and what is expected based on previous experience. In the case of vection for example,-which is often used as a stimulus to evoke motion sickness -the motion information provided by vision is not corroborated by the vestibular system, and this incongruency is often considered as the cause of motion sickness. when information from the different sensory systems is combined in an unusual way. Although other theories exist (see for reviews), situations provoking motion sickness are most often explained in terms of вЂњinter-sensory conflictsвЂќ, i.e. It negatively affects training in virtual environments or simulators and is recognized as a potential problem in automated vehicles. Motion sickness is the unwanted side-effect of passive transportation, with pallor, cold sweating, nausea and vomiting being its cardinal signs. If motion sickness can be influenced by the cognitive aspects described above, this would offer new methods to counteract this malady. Here we explore the effects of cognition on a different aspect of vestibular processing, namely motion sickness. This self-motion illusion is stronger and/or occurs faster if the moving stimuli are associated objects that are normally stable in the environment and the participant is positioned on a device that allows actual motion. The cognitive context of the motion stimuli is also known to affect motion perception, as has been shown for the compelling sense of self-motion that can be induced by moving visual, or to a lesser extent, auditory stimuli (i.e., vection). For example, self-motion perception, and even ocular motor reflexes are affected by mental imaginary, or by prior expectations of the motion stimulus. There is a growing body of evidence showing the bi-directional interactions between cognition and vestibular processing (see for a review). This cognitive influence provides a promising tool for the development of new countermeasures. This finding sheds a new light on the causes of visually induced motion sickness and suggests that it is not governed by an inter-sensory conflict per se, but by beliefs concerning the actual self-motion. Together with the general motion sickness susceptibility, this discrepancy accounted for 51% of the variance in motion sickness intensity. Results showed that motion sickness was correlated with the discrepancy between participantsвЂ™ perceived self-motion and participantsвЂ™ beliefs about the actual motion. Participants knew that both chair and drum could rotate but were unaware of the actual motion stimulus. Illusory self-motion and motion sickness were elicited in healthy human participants who were seated on a stationary rotary chair inside a rotating optokinetic drum. Here we address the influence of cognition in motion sickness and show that such a conflict is not provocative when the observer believes that the motion illusion is indeed actually occurring. Illusory self-motion often provokes motion sickness, which is commonly explained in terms of an inter-sensory conflict that is not in accordance with previous experience.

Google motion sickness glasses